Q1. 您的年齡？（單選題）

Q2. 您的年級？（單選題）

Q3. 您月收入是多少？（單選題）

Q4. Which one of the following statements about cardiomyocyte apoptosis is incorrect? （）（單選題）

• A. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis is one of the main factors for weakening myocardial contractility

• B. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis makes the cardiac wall thin

• C. Apoptosis induces the death of myocardial cells after acute myocardial infarction

• D. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis may be caused by inflammatory factors

• E. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis may be caused by overload

Q5. Which one of the following is incorrect in excessive myocardial hypertrophy? （）（單選題）

• A. Decreased sympathetic nervous density in the myocardium

• B. Impaired oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria of hypertrophic myocardium

• C. Less calcium released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

• D. Increased activity of myosin ATPase in hypertrophic myocardium

• E. Decreased concentrations of norepinephrine in hypertrophic myocardium

Q6. Which one of the following situations is not associated with the dysfunction of excitation-contraction coupling in myocardium? （）（單選題）

• A. Acidosis

• B. The obstruction of L-type calcium channels

• C. The increased production of ATP in myocardium

• D. Hyperkalemia

• E. Hypoxia

Q7. Which one of the following changes does not occur in right heart failure? （）（單選題）

• A. Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

• B. Anasarca

• C. Engorgement of neck veins

• D. Ascites

• E. Liver congestion

Q8. Which one of the following symptoms is mainly induced by left heart failure? （）（單選題）

• A. Pitting edema

• B. Dyspnea

• C. Liver tumefaction and tenderness

• D. Engorgement of jugular veins

• E. Dysfunction of gastrointestinal tract

Q9. The pathogenesis of dyspnea in patients with left heart failure is （）（單選題）

• A. Hypotension

• B. Congestion of systemic circulation

• C. Myocardial ischemia and hypoxia

• D. Increased blood volume

• E. Pulmonary congestion and pulmonary edema

Q10. Which of the following is not the pathogenesis of heart failure? （）（單選題）

• A. Decreased the activity of Ca2+- ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum

• B. Decreased the release of Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum

• C. Increased the quantity of Ca2+ binding to troponin

• D. Reduced the influx of extracellular Ca2+

• E. Increased the outflow of intracellular Ca2+ through Na+ - Ca2+ exchanger

Q11. Which of the followings is not the mechanism that acidosis leads to the dysfunction of excitation-contraction coupling （）（單選題）

• A. Inhibiting Ca2+ inflow into cells

• B. Inhibiting the release of Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum

• C. Promoting the intake and reserve of Ca2+ by mitochondrion

• D. Increasing the affinity between sarcoplasmic reticulum and Ca2+

• E. H+ competing with Ca2+ for the combination to troponin

Q12. Excessive myocardial hypertrophy is decompensative for heart failure because of (multiple choice)（）（多選題）

• A. Decreased activity of myosin ATPase

• B. Increased density of sympathetic nerve terminal

• C. Decreased function of mitochondrion

• D. Decreased compliance

• E. Myocardial ischemia

Q13. During sleep, some patients with left heart failure can develop a manifestation of paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea whose mechanisms may include (multiple choice)（）（多選題）

• A. An increase in the venous return from the lower extremities

• B. Vagus excitation

• C. Increased fluid shift from interstitial space to the vascular compartment

• D. Depression of the respiratory center

• E. Increased volume of thoracic cavity